Dry Eye Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

Dry Eye Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment

Do your eyes often feel dry, irritated, or fatigued? You might be experiencing Dry Eye Syndrome (DES)—a common condition that affects millions of people worldwide. While often overlooked, dry eyes can significantly impact daily life, making tasks like reading, driving, or using digital screens uncomfortable.

In this blog, we will explore the symptoms, causes, and effective management strategies for Dry Eye Syndrome, helping you understand how to relieve discomfort and maintain optimal eye health.

Symptoms of dry eye syndrome

Dry Eye Syndrome can present a range of symptoms, which may vary in severity. Some common signs include:

  • Dryness & Irritation: A persistent sensation of dryness, burning, or stinging. 
  • Redness: Eyes may appear bloodshot due to irritation. 
  • Excessive tearing: The body compensates for dryness by overproducing tears, leading to watery eyes. 
  • Blurred vision: Fluctuating vision clarity, particularly when reading or working on screens. 
  • Grittiness or Foreign body sensation: Feeling as if something is stuck in the eye. 
  • Light sensitivity: Increased sensitivity to bright lights or sunlight. 

If you experience any of these symptoms regularly, it is essential to seek professional advice to prevent further complications.

Causes of dry eye syndrome

Causes of dry eye syndrome

Several factors contribute to Dry Eye Syndrome, including:

1. Environmental factors

  • Prolonged screen time: Reduced blinking while using digital devices can lead to dry eyes.

  • Air conditioning & Heating: These can decrease humidity and dry out the tear film.

  • Wind & Smoke exposure: Harsh environmental conditions can accelerate tear evaporation.

2. Medical conditions and Medications

  • Ageing: Tear production naturally declines with age, especially in individuals over 50.

  • Autoimmune disorders: Conditions like Sjögren syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis can affect tear glands.

  • Medications: Antihistamines, decongestants, and antidepressants can reduce tear production.

3. Hormonal changes

  • Menopause & Pregnancy: Hormonal fluctuations can influence tear production.

  • Birth control pills: Some contraceptives may contribute to dry eye symptoms.

4. Contact lens use

Long-term contact lens wear can lead to irritation and disrupt the natural tear film.

Risk factors for dry eye syndrome

Certain factors increase the likelihood of developing dry eye syndrome, including:

  • Age: More common in individuals over 50.

  • Gender: Women are at a higher risk due to hormonal changes.

  • Lifestyle choices: Smoking and excessive screen time contribute to dry eye symptoms.

  • Medical conditions: Diabetes, thyroid disorders, and autoimmune diseases increase risk.

  • Eye surgery history: LASIK or cataract surgery may temporarily or permanently affect tear production.

  • Dietary deficiencies: Low intake of omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin A can contribute to dry eyes.

Diagnosis of dry eye syndrome

If you suspect you have dry eye syndrome, an ophthalmologist can diagnose the condition through:

  • Comprehensive eye exam: Evaluates overall eye health and tear film stability.

  • Schirmer test: Measures tear production using a thin strip of filter paper.

  • Tear Break-Up Time Test (TBUT): Assesses how quickly tears evaporate from the eye surface.

  • Osmolarity test: Checks for imbalances in tear composition.

Management strategies for dry eye syndrome

1. Lifestyle changes

  • Follow the 20-20-20 rule: Every 20 minutes, look at something 20 feet away for 20 seconds to reduce eye strain.

  • Blink more often: Make a conscious effort to blink frequently when using screens. This can be difficult to put into practice.

  • Use a humidifier: Adding moisture to indoor air can help maintain tear film stability.

2. Artificial tears & Eye drops

  • Lubricating eye drops: Over-the-counter artificial tears can provide quick relief.

  • Prescription eye drops: If symptoms persist, consult an eye doctor for consideration of medicated drops that reduce inflammation and improve tear production.

3. Diet & Hydration

  • Omega-3 fatty acids: Found in fish, flaxseeds, and walnuts, omega-3s can improve tear quality.

  • Stay hydrated: Drinking plenty of water prevents dehydration, which can worsen dry eyes.

4. Warm compress & Eyelid hygiene

  • Warm compresses: Applying a warm cloth to the eyes can help stimulate oil gland function.

  • Eyelid cleaning: Use a mild cleanser or prescribed wipes to keep the eyelids clean and free from debris.

5. Advanced medical treatments

If dry eyes are severe, your ophthalmologist may recommend:

  • Punctal plugs: Small inserts placed in tear ducts to retain moisture.

  • Meibomian gland expression: A procedure to unclog blocked oil glands in the eyelids.

  • Light Therapy and IPL (Intense Pulsed Light): Helps reduce inflammation and improve tear film stability.

Prevention strategies for dry eye syndrome

You can reduce the risk of developing dry eyes by following these preventive measures:

  • Adjust screen habits: Follow the 20-20-20 rule—every 20 minutes, look at something 20 feet away for 20 seconds.

  • Use a humidifier: Maintain moisture levels indoors to prevent tear film evaporation.

  • Stay hydrated: Drink plenty of water to keep your body and eyes hydrated.

  • Wear sunglasses: Protect your eyes from wind, dust, and harmful UV rays.

  • Maintain a balanced diet: Include foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin A.

  • Take breaks from contact lenses: Give your eyes a rest by switching to glasses periodically.

When to see an ophthalmologist?

If you experience persistent dry eye symptoms that interfere with your daily life, schedule an appointment with an eye specialist. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent complications such as eye infections or corneal damage.

Conclusion

Dry Eye Syndrome is more than just a minor annoyance—it can significantly affect your daily comfort and eye health. By understanding its symptoms, causes, and management strategies, you can take proactive steps to relieve discomfort and maintain healthy vision. Simple lifestyle changes, proper hydration, and the right treatments can make a substantial difference in managing dry eyes.

Author bio 

Dr Parth Shah is a director and principal ophthalmologist at Clarity Eye Surgeons in Canberra. With extensive training and experience, he is renowned for his expertise in the field. Dr Shah is dedicated not only to performing successful surgeries but also to patient education. His compassionate approach, combined with technical proficiency, has earned him the trust and gratitude of countless patients. He is a true advocate for eye health and a trusted name in the Canberra ophthalmology community.

FAQs

Yes, dry eye syndrome can contribute to headaches, especially when associated with digital eye strain. Prolonged screen time without blinking enough can lead to eye fatigue, triggering tension headaches. Managing dry eyes can help reduce headache frequency.

Absolutely. Poor sleep quality or insufficient sleep can reduce tear production and lead to increased eye dryness. Sleep deprivation also affects tear film stability, causing irritation and discomfort.

Yes, blue light glasses can help reduce eye strain from digital screens, which in turn can minimise dry eye symptoms. However, they do not directly increase tear production, so other treatments may still be necessary.

Yes, deficiencies in vitamins A, D, and B12 can contribute to dry eyes. Vitamin A is essential for tear production, while Vitamin D and B12 deficiencies have been linked to increased eye inflammation and discomfort.

Studies suggest that caffeine may increase tear production in some individuals. However, excessive caffeine intake can lead to dehydration, which may worsen dry eye symptoms. Moderation is key.

While dry eye syndrome itself does not directly cause dizziness, it can lead to blurred vision, making it harder to focus and potentially contributing to feelings of imbalance. If dizziness persists, consult a doctor.

Sleeping on your back is the best position, as it prevents pillow contact with your eyes, reducing irritation. Side or stomach sleeping can increase eye exposure to air, worsening dryness.

Yes, airplane cabins have low humidity, which can cause increased tear evaporation. Using lubricating eye drops and staying hydrated can help manage symptoms during flights.

Other blogs related to Eye Conditions